Chiptune , also known as chip music or 8-bit music , is a style of synthesized electronic music made using the programmable sound generator PSG sound chips or synthesizers in vintage arcade machines , computers and video game consoles.

A waveform generator is a fundamental module in a sound synthesis system. A waveform generator usually produces a basic geometrical waveform with a fixed or variable timbre and variable pitch. Common waveform generator configurations usually included two or three simple waveforms and often a single pseudo-random-noise generator PRNG. Available waveforms often included pulse wave whose timbre can be varied by modifying the duty cycle , square wave a symmetrical pulse wave producing only odd overtones , triangle wave which has a fixed timbre containing only odd harmonics , but is softer than a square wave , and sawtooth wave which has a bright raspy timbre and contains odd and even harmonics.

Two notable examples of systems employing this technology were the Nintendo Game Boy portable game console and the Commodore 64 personal computer. The Game Boy uses two pulse channels switchable between Unlike the Game Boy, the pulse channels on the Commodore 64 allowed full control over wave duty cycles.

The SID was a very technically advanced chip, offering many other features including ring modulation and adjustable resonance filters. Due to limited number of voices in those primitive chips, one of the main challenges is to produce rich polyphonic music with them.

The usual method to emulate it is via quick arpeggios , which is one of the most relevant features of chiptune music along, of course, with its electronic timbres.

Some older systems featured a simple beeper as their only sound output, as the original ZX Spectrum and IBM PC ; despite this, many skilled programmers were able to produce unexpectedly rich music with this bare hardware, where the sound is fully generated by the system\’s CPU by direct control of the beeper.

The earliest precursors to chip music can be found in the early history of computer music. By the early s, personal computers had become less expensive and more accessible than they had been previously.

This led to a proliferation of outdated personal computers and game consoles that had been abandoned by consumers as they upgraded to newer machines. They were in low demand by consumers as a whole, and thus were not difficult to find, making them a highly accessible and affordable method of creating sound or art.

While it has been a mostly underground genre, chiptune has had periods of moderate popularity in the s and 21st century, and has influenced the development of electronic dance music. Chiptune music began to appear with the video game music produced during the golden age of video arcade games. An early example was the opening tune in Tomohiro Nishikado \’s arcade game Gun Fight The first video game to use a continuous background soundtrack was Tomohiro Nishikado\’s release Space Invaders , which had four simple chromatic descending bass notes repeating in a loop , though it was dynamic and interacted with the player, increasing pace as the enemies descended on the player.

In addition to incorporating sounds from contemporary video games into their music, the band would later have a major influence on much of the video game and chiptune music produced during the 8-bit and bit eras. By , Konami \’s arcade game Gyruss utilized five sound chips along with a digital-to-analog converter, which were partly used to create an electronic rendition of J.

Bach\’s Toccata and Fugue in D minor. A major advance for chip music was the introduction of frequency modulation synthesis FM synthesis , first commercially released by Yamaha for their digital synthesizers and FM sound chips , which began appearing in arcade machines from the early s.

By the early s, significant improvements to personal computer game music were made possible with the introduction of digital FM synthesis sound. This allowed computer game music to have greater complexity than the simplistic beeps from internal speakers. These FM synth boards produced a \”warm and pleasant sound\” that musicians such as Yuzo Koshiro and Takeshi Abo utilized to produce music that is still highly regarded within the chiptune community. Fujitsu also released the FM Sound Editor software for the FM-7 in , providing users with a user-friendly interface to create and edit synthesized music.

The widespread adoption of FM synthesis by consoles would later be one of the major advances of the bit era , by which time bit arcade machines were using multiple FM synthesis chips. Another important FM synth composer was the late Ryu Umemoto , who composed chiptune soundtracks for various visual novel and shoot \’em up games. Later on, several demo groups moved to using their own music instead of ripped game music. In , Jeroen \”Red\” Kimmel studied Rob Hubbard\’s player routine and used it for original demo songs [42] before writing a routine of his own in The practice of SID music composition has continued seamlessly until this day in conjunction with the Commodore 64 demoscene.

The heyday of chiptune music was the s. After the s, however, chiptune music began declining in popularity. Some of the earliest examples of record label releases of pure chip music can be found in the late s. The first electroclash record, I-F \’s \”Space Invaders Are Smoking Grass\” , has been described as \”burbling electro in a vocodered homage to Atari-era hi-jinks\”. By the mids, 8-bit chip music began making a comeback in mainstream pop music, when it was used by acts such as Beck for example, the song \” Girl \” , The Killers for example, the song \” On Top \” , No Doubt with the song \” Running \”, and particularly The Postal Service in many of their songs.

The low-quality digital PCM styling of early game music composers such as Hiroshi Kawaguchi also began gaining popularity. Three self-released compilations, Project 56 , deadmau5 Circa — and A Little Oblique , were finished in During the late s, a new wave of chiptune culture took place, boosted by the release of software such as LittleSoundDJ for the Game Boy.

This new culture has much more emphasis on live performances and record releases than the demoscene and tracker culture, of which the new artists are often only distantly aware. Examples include artists such as Kesha [69] most notably in \” Tik Tok \”, [70] the best-selling single of [71] , 50 Cent with the hit single \”Ayo Technology\”, Robyn , Snoop Dogg , [70] Eminem for example, \”Hellbound\” , Nelly Furtado , and Timbaland see Timbaland plagiarism controversy. The influence of video game sounds can also be heard in contemporary British electronica music by artists such as Dizzee Rascal and Kieran Hebden , [72] as well as in heavy metal bands such as DragonForce.

Grime music in particular samples sawtooth wave sounds from video games which were popular in East London. The Commodore Amiga , with its sample-based sound generation, distanced the concept of microcomputer music away from plain chip-synthesized sounds. Amiga tracker music software , beginning from Karsten Obarski\’s Ultimate Soundtracker , inspired great numbers of computer enthusiasts to create computer music.

As an offshoot of the burgeoning tracker music culture, a type of tracker music reminiscent of Commodore 64 SID music was born, that utilized simple waveforms instead of digitized samples.

This type of music came to be called \”chiptunes\”, referring to the sound of early video game console and home computer sound chips. Earliest examples of tracker chiptunes date back to and are attributed to the demoscene musicians 4mat , Baroque, TDK , Turtle and Duz.

Tracker chiptunes are based on very short looped waveforms which are modulated by tracker effects such as arpeggio , vibrato , and portamento. The small amount of sample data made tracker chiptunes far more space-efficient than most other types of tracker music, which made them appealing to size-limited demoscene demos and crack intros. Tracker chiptunes have also been commonly used in other warez scene executables such as keygens. Nowadays, the term \”chiptune\” is also used to cover chip music using actual chip-based synthesis, but some sources, such as the Amiga Music Preservation project, still define a chiptune specifically as a small tracker module.

New tracker tools are used for making chip sounds available to less techy musicians. Around , the Mssiah was released for the Commodore 64 , which is very similar to the MidiNES, but with greater parameter controls, sequencing, analog drum emulation, and limited sample playback.

The Commodore PET has the open-source PetSynth software, which uses the PET\’s chip for sound, allows the computer to be played like a piano keyboard, and features many effects. On the DOS platform, Fast Tracker is one of the most famous chiptune makers because of the ability to create hand-drawn samples with the mouse. There have been a number of television segments featuring chiptunes and chip music artists in the past few years. The Electronic Frontier Foundation in December used a faux 8-bit game with an 8-bit sound track by crashfaster to demonstrate its notable legal achievements for that year.

This film was an official selection at the South by Southwest. Chip music has returned to 21st-century gaming, either in full-chip music style or using chip samples in the music. Popular games that feature chiptune elements in their soundtracks include Shovel Knight [90] and Undertale.

Events take place all around the world that focus around the celebration and recognition of chiptune music. In the United States, during Super MAGFest —a yearly convention that hosts a variety of video game-related events—popular chiptune artists such as goto80 and Chipzel have previously performed on the Concert Hall mainstage. A chiptune-focused mainstage show aptly named \”Chip Rave\” typically occurs on the third day of the convention within the concert hall and has featured countless prominent faces in the chiptune community.

Super MAGFest also holds a continuous venue called Chipspace, a place where participants in the chiptune community go on-stage and perform their music through an open mic system. Hood and maintained by geekbeatradio, [94] Chipspace has evolved over the course of MAGFest\’s lifespan to bring chiptune fans closer together. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Style of synthesized electronic music.

For the altering of car electronics, see chip tuning. A musician\’s chiptune setup, involving Game Boy handheld gaming consoles. Chip music [1] 8-bit music [1]. Computer music electronic progressive rock soundtrack video game music synth-pop Yellow Magic Orchestra [2]. Wonky hyperpop [3] kawaii future bass [4]. Complextro electroclash future bass glitch Nintendocore skweee synthwave. See also: music tracker and module file.

Skip Cloud — \”The Adventure Lights\” Drozerix — \”Computer Adventures\” These are examples of modern-day chiptune tracks distributed as stand-alone music files without being a part of a video game soundtrack. Problems playing these files? See media help. Retrieved February 15, — via abc. The Microscopic Giant. Retrieved May 26, The PC Music sound is an undeniable influence on hyperpop, but the style also pulls heavily from rap of the cloud, emo and lo-fi trap variety, as well as flamboyant electronic genres like trance, dubstep and chiptune.

Anime News Network. Retrieved May 4, Transformative Works and Cultures. Skrolli : September 15, Retrieved August 30, Archived from the original on June 20, Retrieved March 13, Oxford University Press.

ISBN Retrieved July 23, Sunshine Books. University of Agder.

 
 

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